Online Extremism: Research Trends in Internet Activism, Radicalization, and Counter-Strategies

Authors

  • Charlie Winter International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King’s College London
  • Peter Neumann International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King’s College London
  • Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens Program on Extremism, George Washington University, Washington
  • Magnus Ranstorp Swedish Defense University, Stockholm
  • Lorenzo Vidino Program on Extremism, George Washington University, Washington
  • Johanna Fürst International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King’s College London

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3809

Keywords:

radicalization, deradicalization, Internet, extremism, online extremism

Abstract

This article reviews the academic literature on how and for what purposes violent extremists use the Internet, at both an individual and organizational level. After defining key concepts like extremism, cyber-terrorism and online radicalization, it provides an overview of the virtual extremist landscape, tracking its evolution from static websites and password-protected forums to mainstream social media and encrypted messaging apps. The reasons why violent extremist organizations use online tools are identified and evaluated, touching on propaganda, recruitment, logistics, funding, and hacking. After this, the article turns to the ways violent extremist individuals use the Internet, discussing its role as a facilitator for socialization and learning. The review concludes by considering the emergent literature on how violent extremism is being countered online, touching on both defensive and offensive measures.

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Further information

Published

2021-03-03

How to Cite

Winter, C., Neumann, P., Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., Ranstorp, M., Vidino, L., & Fürst, J. (2021). Online Extremism: Research Trends in Internet Activism, Radicalization, and Counter-Strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3809

Issue

Section

Focus (2): What do we know about radicalization?